Free Essays on Surplus Value Theory

Surplus-Value Theory The increase over the original value of the money that is put into circulation is called by Marx surplus value. The fact of this "growth" of money in capitalist circulation is common knowledge. Indeed, it is this "growth" which transforms money into capital, as a special and historically determined social relation of production. Surplus value cannot arise out of commodity circulation, for the latter knows only the exchange of equivalents; neither can it arise out of price increases, for the mutual losses and gains of buyers and sellers would equalize one another, whereas what we have here in not an individual phenomenon but a mass, average and social phenomenon. To obtain surplus value, the owner of money must find in the market a commodity. Its consumption is labor, and labor creates value. The owner of money buys labor power at its value, which, like the value of every other commodity, is determined by the socially necessary labor time requisite for its production (example, the cost of maintaining the worker and his family). Having bought enough labor power, the owner of money is entitled to use it, that is, to set it to work for a whole day. (12 hours) Yet, in the course of six hours the worker creates product sufficient to cover the cost of his own maintenance; ("surplus" labor time), he creates "surplus" product, or surplus value, for which the capitalist does not pay. Therefore, from the standpoint of the process of production, two parts must be distinguished in capital: constant capital, which is expended on means of production (machinery, tools, raw materials, etc.), whose value, without any change, is transferred (immediately or part by part) to the finished product; secondly, variable capital, which is expended on labor power. The value of this latter capital is not invariable, but grows in the labor process, creating surplus value. Therefore, to express the degree of capital's exploitation of lab... Free Essays on Surplus Value Theory Free Essays on Surplus Value Theory Surplus-Value Theory The increase over the original value of the money that is put into circulation is called by Marx surplus value. The fact of this "growth" of money in capitalist circulation is common knowledge. Indeed, it is this "growth" which transforms money into capital, as a special and historically determined social relation of production. Surplus value cannot arise out of commodity circulation, for the latter knows only the exchange of equivalents; neither can it arise out of price increases, for the mutual losses and gains of buyers and sellers would equalize one another, whereas what we have here in not an individual phenomenon but a mass, average and social phenomenon. To obtain surplus value, the owner of money must find in the market a commodity. Its consumption is labor, and labor creates value. The owner of money buys labor power at its value, which, like the value of every other commodity, is determined by the socially necessary labor time requisite for its production (example, the cost of maintaining the worker and his family). Having bought enough labor power, the owner of money is entitled to use it, that is, to set it to work for a whole day. (12 hours) Yet, in the course of six hours the worker creates product sufficient to cover the cost of his own maintenance; ("surplus" labor time), he creates "surplus" product, or surplus value, for which the capitalist does not pay. Therefore, from the standpoint of the process of production, two parts must be distinguished in capital: constant capital, which is expended on means of production (machinery, tools, raw materials, etc.), whose value, without any change, is transferred (immediately or part by part) to the finished product; secondly, variable capital, which is expended on labor power. The value of this latter capital is not invariable, but grows in the labor process, creating surplus value. Therefore, to express the degree of capital's exploitation of lab...

Texting turnaround on literacy - Emphasis

Texting turnaround on literacy Texting turnaround on literacy Theres been another U-turn on the effects of texting on childrens literacy skills. The latest research, conducted by Dr Clare Wood at the British Academy, suggests that, far from damaging their ability to read and write, using textisms like LOL and plz is actually a sign of sophisticated phonological development. Great news for the future generation, certainly. But is anyone else dizzy yet?

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Project - Essay Example Note that an appropriate number of significant figures should be used in the notebook (Thompson, 2008). Rules for Writing, Updating And Accessing Laboratory Protocols Lab protocols not covered in the wide laboratory protocol should be written in consultation with the faculty dean and the Laboratory Safety Committee. All protocols should be based on a reference and actual experiment procedure; recording all reagents, procedures, results and by-products. The updating of protocols should follow the ‘Good Laboratory Practice’ on how long to retain specimens and records depending on the specimen. All experiments should be clearly described and a separate copy made in A4 size plain paper addressed to the faculty dean through the lab assistant on the protocol intended for update; with a clear reference at the top for example; ‘Proposed protocol update to Protocol xxx; Filter and liquid assays 6/5/04’ with the date clearly stated. ... Laboratory safety Wear laboratory goggles or face shield, a white lab coat and gloves at all times. Do not wear open shoes when dealing with liquid or corrosive reagents/ solvents. Know the location of the safety shower or eye washers and how to use them. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) on title 10; Regulations number 19, 20, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40 and 71 which govern rules and regulations on the handling, transporting, storage and limiting ionization by radioactive materials. Use appropriate dosimeters to measure personal radiation before and after an experiment; if after an experiment your personal radiation is above normal; report immediately to the lab safety office (Refer to radioactivity standards index). Confine radioactive material, bromides, potentially infectious agents, live cultures and hazardous waste in tightly sealed containers and closed systems. When dealing with animals refer to appendix on available immunization to prevent against zootoxic pathogens (Bio-safety in th e Lab, 1989) Wear one glove when working with Ethidium bromide; the gloved hand should touch Ethidium bromide exposed material and the other hand should never be in contact with Ethidium bromide. Never eat, drink or chew gum when working with hazardous material Avoid pipetting anything by aid of the mouth or by bare hands. Know the recombinant DNA experiments that are not exempted and obtain prior approval from the Biological Safety Committee before commencing experiment (See non-exempt recombinant DNA experiments index). Inventory maintenance Refer to the lab equipment parts catalogue and maintenance periods from the equipment manager. They contain the equipment name and number; parts catalog numbers, maintenance practices and user manual.